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Under both the Toltecs and Aztecs, frequency and scale of human sacrifice increased. The central deity of the cult of the state was Huitzilopochtli. The last included rituals of human sacrifice and became the cult of the state. Gods were organized into the major cults of fertility, creation, and warfare. Yearly festivals and complex rituals supported the numerous deities. The Aztecs venerated the traditional pantheon of Mesoamerican gods. The intent of the wars was to secure captives for human sacrifice. Some areas were purposely left independent in order to make wars possible. The use of human sacrifice as part of Aztec ritual was expanded under his influence. The architect of social change was Tlacaelel, a prime minister for three rulers. Eventually Aztec dominance spread to encompass most of central Mexico. The Aztec ruler, supported by a nobility, became vastly more powerful.

#The americas on the eve of invasion coursenotes series

The series of wars leading to Aztec dominance caused social changes. By 1434 the Aztecs were the most powerful partners in a triple alliance linking Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan. Through a series of alliances with and against the other city-states, the Aztecs were able to emerge as an independent power. Eventually the Aztecs, after a period of serving as mercenaries, settled on an island in Lake Texcoco and established their capital of Tenochtitlan. Three city-states Azcapotzalco, Texcoco, and Culhuacan dominated the lakesides of the valley. Among these groups were the Aztecs, who probably migrated into the valley around 1325 following the fall of the Toltec empire. Various groups contested for supremacy in the valley.

Thereafter the center of Mesoamerican power shifted to the region surrounding a group of lakes in the valley of Mexico. Nomadic invaders destroyed the Toltec capital of Tula around 1150. There is less agreement about the possibility of Toltec influence in the Mississippian culture of the Ohio River valley. Toltec influence may have extended as far north as the American Southwest, where some evidence of their trade network can be found. Some later Maya rulers were clearly under Toltec influence. The Toltecs migrated into central Mexico from the north and adopted a militaristic ethic from sedentary peoples already living in the area.įrom the establishment of their capital at Tula in 968, the Toltecs were able to establish a significant empire in central Mexico and the Yucatan. The most important of the Mesoamerican civilizations were those of the Toltecs and Aztecs.

Postclassic Mesoamerica, 1000-1500 C.E.

The greater American civilizations developed advanced agricultural systems, urbanization, social and economic diversity, and centralized political institutions. By 1500, the Americas were typified by a high population in many places. The information of medicine and health contained in the site are of a general nature and purpose which is purely informative and for this reason may not replace in any case, the council of a doctor or a qualified entity legally to the profession.Ĭhapter 17 The Americas on the Eve of InvasionĪlthough American societies remained completely isolated from other civilizations during the postclassical period, they continued to display diversity and sophistication based on classical American foundations.

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